Inuyama,-Aichi
Inuyama (, -shi) is a cities of Japan located near Nagoya in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. The city was founded on April 1, 1954. As of 2003, the city has an estimated population of 73,247 and the population density of 977.02 persons per square kilometer. The total area is 74.97 km�. There are a number of famous attractions in and around the city. The most famous attraction is Inuyama castle (inu-yama-j) on a 40m rise overlooking the Kiso river. This castle is also known as Hakutei-jo (White Emperor Castle), as named by the Confucian scholar Sorai Ogyu during the Edo period. It is a 4 story structure with two underground levels, although it has only three roofs. The castle was designated as a Japanese National Treasure (Japan) in 1935 and again in 1952. The castle in its current form was built in 1537 by Oda Nobuyasu, grandfather of the great warlord Oda Nobunaga. After construction, the castle had a rapid succession of different owners. After Toyotomi Hideyoshi took control of the area, he put Ishikawa Sadakiyo in charge of the castle. After the defeat of Hideyoshi by Matsudaira Tadayoshi Ogasawara Yoshitsugu received the castle. In 1616 the Naruse family was put in charge of the structure until the Meiji era. After the Meiji Restoration the government seized the castle in 1869. The castle was damaged by the Great Nobi Earthquake in 1891. The castle was then given to the Naruse family under the condition that they repair the castle. This makes the castle the only privately owned castle in Japan. The castle survived all wars and has remained unchanged since it was built, making it the oldest original wooden castle in Japan. in the Urakuen tea garden Another famous attraction is the Urakuen tea garden used for Japanese tea ceremony. This garden contains the Joan tea house, built in 1618 by Oda Uraku 1547-1621, younger brother of Oda Nobunaga. Tea master Oda Uraku was a student of the famous tea master Sen no Rikyu. While the Joan tea house was originally built in Kyoto, it was moved to its current location in 1972. The building is considered one of the finest examples of tea house architecture. The Kiso river also has some very picturesque rapids upstream of the castle. These rapids and the rock formations are called Nihon Rhine after the Rhine river in Germany, and boat tours are available. Cormorant fishing on the Kiso river is also done, although nowadays almost exclusively for tourists. Near Inuyama is the Meiji Mura open-air architectural museum for preserving and exhibiting Art and architecture of Japan of the Meiji Era (1867-1912). Over 60 historical buildings are preserved on an area of 1,000,000m�. The most famous one is the main entrance and lobby of Tokyos old Imperial Hotel, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1923. Another former open-air museum near Inuyama is also an amusement park called Little World Museum of Man. This anthropology museum contained a large number of buildings built according to the native style of over 22 countries. The park is currently closed due to inadequate financial performance. Another amusement park is the Japan Monkey park, with different species of Monkey and other entertainment. Inuyama is also the site of the Kyoto Regional Primate Institute of Kyoto University, one of the worlds foremost centres for research in non-human primate biology and behaviour. The chimpanzee Ai (chimpanzee) lives here. commons Category:Inuyama
Counselor
A Counselor is a general definition for a person who advises. These are the most common definitions:
Someone who gives advice
In the field of social welfare, an adviser on personal problems
In the field of education, an adviser on a special subject such as careers, education, or health
In the field of law, a counselor, counsellor, counselor-at-law or counsellor-at-law is an attorney
In the field of politics, a high ranking diplomat, usually just below a ambassador or minister
In the field of leisure, a childrens supervisor, usually at Summer camp
Qualified counselors
License or certified counselors are trained with skills and techniques to help others solve behavioral and emotional difficulties. See Psychotherapy.
Such types include types of counselors
School Counselor
Rehabilitation Counselor
Career Counselor
Mental Health Counselor job-stub
Fullerton,-North-Dakota
Fullerton is a city located in Dickey County, North Dakota. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 85.
Geography
Fullerton is located at 46�946 North, 98�2540 West (46.162648, -98.427734) GR 1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.9 square kilometer (0.4 square mile). 0.9 km� (0.4 mi�) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.
Demographics
As of the census GR 2 of 2000, there are 85 people, 36 households, and 20 families residing in the city. The population density is 91.2/km� (238.1/mi�). There are 39 housing units at an average density of 41.8/km� (109.2/mi�). The racial makeup of the city is 95.29% White (U.S. Census), 0.00% African American (U.S. Census), 0.00% Native American (U.S. Census), 0.00% Asian (U.S. Census), 0.00% Pacific Islander (U.S. Census), 0.00% from Race (U.S. Census), and 4.71% from two or more races. 2.35% of the population are Hispanic (U.S. Census) or Latino (U.S. Census) of any race. There are 36 households out of which 33.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% are Marriage living together, 5.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% are non-families. 41.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 27.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.36 and the average family size is 3.40. In the city the population is spread out with 35.3% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $33,958, and the median income for a family is $34,583. Males have a median income of $26,250 versus $15,000 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,222. 22.4% of the population and 5.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 30.0% of those under the age of 18 and 25.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Atorvastatin
PAGENAME
R-(R, R) -2-(4-fluorophenyl)-beta, delta-dihydroxy-5- (1-methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4- (phenylamino)carbonyl -1H- pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid
IUPAC nomenclature name - CAS number
134523-00-5 ATC code
C10AA05
Chemical formula (C
33H
34FN
2O
52Ca�3H
2O
Molecular weight 1209.42
Bioavailability 12%
Metabolism Liver
Elimination-half-life 14 hours
Excretion Bile
Pregnancy category (pharmaceutical) X (USA) D (Australia)
Regulation of therapeutic goods Schedule 4 (Australia)
Routes of administration oral
In medicine and pharmacology, atorvastatin (Lipitor� or atorvastatin calcium) is a member of the drug class of statins, used for lowering cholesterol and thereby preventing cardiovascular disease. Atorvastatin inhibits a rate-determining enzyme located in hepatic tissue used in cholesterol synthesis, which lowers the amount of cholesterol produced. This also has the effect of lowering the total amount of LDL cholesterol. Unlike simvastatin and pravastatin, atorvastatin is a completely synthetic compound. It is currently being marketed by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer as Lipitor.
Available forms
Atorvastatin is available as Lipitor in tablet form (10, 20, 40 or 80 mg) for oral administration. Tablets are white, elliptical, and film coated.
Mechanism of Action
Atorvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonate, which is the rate limiting step in hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Because cholesterol synthesis decreases, hepatic cells increase the number of LDL receptors on the surface of the cells, which increase the amount of LDL uptake by the hepatic cells, and decreases the amount of LDL in the blood.
References
true&-pageLabel prescribingInformation Lipitor: Prescribing Information. (2004) Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals.
Carlos-Bocanegra
Carlos Bocanegra (born May 25, 1979 in Upland, California, California) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Fulham F.C. of the English Premiership. Although primarily a left fullback with Fulham, he played center back for much of his career, with both the Chicago Fire (soccer) of Major League Soccer and the United States mens national soccer team. After playing college soccer at UCLA, Bocanegra signed a Project-40 contract with MLS and was drafted by the Chicago Fire with the fourth overall pick in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft. He proceeded to win MLS Rookie of the Year Award for a team that made it to the MLS Championship match as well as winning the US Open Cup. Bocanegra then went on to become one of the best defenders in Major League Soccer, becoming the first player to be named MLS Defender of the Year Award twice, doing so in 2002 and 2003. Carlos scored five goals and eight assists in his four years in MLS. He was signed by Fulham in January of 2004. Bocanegra played for the United States at the 1999 Football World Youth Championship. Carlos earned his first cap for the US on December 9, 2001 against South Korea national football team. He has been a stalwart for the team since 2003, solidifying a position during the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup before leading all defenders with 13 appearances during that year.
1932-in-literature
See also: 1931 in literature, 1932, 1933 in literature, list of years in literature.
Events
Brave New World by Aldous Huxley is published.
New books
1919 (novel) - John Dos Passos
Black Mischief - Evelyn Waugh
Brave New World - Aldous Huxley
A Broken Journey - Morley Callaghan
Burning Bush (novel) - Sigrid Undset
Christmas Pudding - Nancy Mitford
The Conjure Man Dies: A Mystery Tale of Dark Harlem - Rudolph Fisher
The Fortress - Hugh Walpole
Guys and Dolls - Damon Runyon
Infants Of The Spring - Wallace Thurman
Josephus (novel) - Lion Feuchtwanger
Journey to the End of the Night - Louis-Ferdinand C�line
Le Pur et LImpur - Colette
Light in August - William Faulkner
Mutiny on the Bounty (fiction) Novel - Charles Norman Hall
The Richest Woman in Town - Henry Bellamann
Selected Essays, 1917-1932 - T. S. Eliot
The Sheltered Life - Ellen Glasgow
The Son Avenger - Sigrid Undset
Sons - Pearl S. Buck
Tobacco Road - Erskine Caldwell
Waterless Mountain - Laura Adams Armer
Births
January 18 - Robert Anton Wilson, author
February 7 - Gay Talese, author
October 27 - Sylvia Plath, poet
Deaths
Awards
Newbery Medal for childrens literature: Laura Adams Armer, Waterless Mountain
Nobel Prize for literature: John Galsworthy
Pulitzer Prize for Drama: George S. Kaufman, Morrie Ryskind, Ira Gershwin, Of Thee I Sing
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: George Dillon: The Flowering Stone
Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: Pearl S. Buck: The Good Earth
Harry-Vincent
Harry Vincent is a character in The Shadow stories. His first appearance was in The Living Shadow, a story in the April 1931 issue of The Shadow Magazine. Harry was an agent of The Shadow. A young, friendly man, he was used primarily to gather information from numerous people. He made more appearances than any other agent of The Shadow.
Story
spoilers When Harry first appeared, he was emotionally distraught and was attempting to commit suicide by jumping off a bridge. The Shadow intervened and offered Harry a new life as one of his agents. In exchange for a perilous life, he could live a life of honor and help people clandestinely.
John-E.-Sulston
John E. Sulston received his degree as a chemist at Cambridge, UK, but devoted his scientific life to biological research, especially in the field of molecular biology. After working in the USA for a while, he returned to Cambridge to work under Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. He played a central role in both the Caenorhabditis elegans (worm) and Human Genome Project sequencing projects. He had argued successfully for the sequencing of C. elegans to show that large-scale genome sequencing projects were feasible. As sequencing of the worm genome proceeded, the project to sequence the Human Genome Project began. At this point John was made director of the newly established Sanger Center (now the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute), located in Cambridgeshire, UK. Following completion of the working draft of the human genome sequence in 2000, John retired from his role as director at the Sanger Center. In 2002 he shared the Nobel-Prize-in-Physiology-or-Medicine with Sydney Brenner and H. Robert Horvitz, both of whom he had collaborated with at the Cambridge Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB). One of Sulstons most important contributions during his research years at the LMB was to elucidate the precise order in which cells in C. elegans cell division. In fact, he and his team succeeded in tracing the nematodes entire embryonic cell lineage. John is now a leading campaigner against the patenting of human genetic information.
Twi\'lek
In the fictional Star Wars universe, Twileks are a species with colored skin and two tails - called lekku - protruding from their heads. They have a homeworld in the Star Wars galaxy but their existence was known to the Old Republic. They understand most alien languages but prefer to speak their own kind. Many Twilek females are sold to slavery as dancers for crimelords and such, while others take jobs to dance at cantinas. This is a result of the females legendary beauty. TwiLeks are a prominent race in the Expanded Universe series of books, games, and other media. Twileks served in both the Galactic Empire and the Rebel Alliance. This article covers Twileks in both the movies and the Expanded Universe. msg:spoiler
Homeworld
In the Expanded Universe, Planets of Star Wars Ryloth is identified as the homeworld of the Twileks. Because of the nature of Ryloths orbit around its primary, one side of the planet always faces the sun. This results in the temperatures on the day side being very high, and the night side the temperature is very cold. There is a habitable band around the planet where the day and night sides of the planet meet. The Twilek people live in a series of caverns that are located in the habitable band of the planet.
Government
Twi-leks living in the caverns on Ryloth structure their society around a five member Head Clan. These five Twileks lead the society in all such matters until one member of the Head Clan dies. At that point, the remaining members of the Head Clan are cast out into the barren landscape on the day side of the planet, presumably to die. Then five new members of the Head Clan are chosen.
Culture
Twileks join the personal name and clan (or family) name together. They use this as a way of symbolizing a way of togetherness. For example, Nawara Ven is said by fellow Twileks as Nawaraven. When combining the names, Twileks make changes in the way in the name is pronounced in order to change the meaning of the words. For example, Twileks often pronounce Wedge Antilles name as Wedgantilles so that his name means Slayer of Stars. Otherwise if they pronounced it in standard it would mean something so vile that it could induce vomiting in a Rancor. However, for those they cast out as criminals, the Twileks will break the individuals name into two distinct parts. While many in the galaxy consider the Twileks as merchants or even criminals, the race does have a proud and honorable warrior tradition. The warriors invented the Chirdaki, or Deathseed, star fighters that married the TIE fighter cockpit to the s-foils of the X-Wing fighter. During the Bacta War, Twilek warriors assisted Wedge Antilles in the fight against Isanne Ysard.
Prominent Twi-leks
Following are prominent Twi-leks from both the movies and Expanded Universe.
Tol Sivron
Tol Sivron initially served as a member of the Head Clan in Twilek society. When chosen, it was expected that he would serve in the Head Clan for many years. However, about one year afterwards, another member of the Head Clan fell while inspecting a project, and impaled himself. Sivron and the three other members of the Head Clan were then cast out. Sivron convinced the three other members to pool their resources, and try to eke out a living in one of the nearby uninhabited nearby caves. While the other former Head Clan members slept, Sivron murdered all of them. He then took their supplies, and set out in a trek across the desert. Eventually he came upon an Imperial refueling station on Ryloth. He then met a young commander named Grand Moff Tarkin. Tarkin soon found that Sivron was an excellent manager of the complex business arrangements that Tarkin had. Eventually, Tarkin named Tol Sivron to head up the research facilities at the Maw Installation. For over ten years, Sivron ran the facility that invented such weapons as the Death Star and Sun Crusher. When the facility was invaded by New Republic forces, Sivron escaped with the other scientists on board the Death Star prototype that was in orbit around the facility. He took the weapon to Kessel, and used the superlaser to destroy the planets moon, which proved the effectiveness of the weapon. He returned to the Maw Installation to destroy it rather than allow it to fall into Rebel hands. Sivron died when the Death Star prototype fell into one of the nearby black holes.
Nawara Ven
Another prominent Twilek from the Expanded Universe was Nawara Ven. Ven was originally trained as an attorney. However, he later became a member of Rogue Squadron, and was trained as an X-Wing pilot. Despite being a pilot, he was called upon to act as an attorney when he defended fellow squadron member Tycho Celchu against charges of murder and treason. Ven was twice shot out of his X-Wing when enemy TIE Fighters scored direct hits. While he had completely recovered after the first time he had to eject, during the second instance he lost his leg. As a result, he wasnt able to continue as a pilot. Later, Nawara Ven served as an officer on board the Errant Venture.
Taldira
Taldira was a Twilek warrior featured in the Expanded Universe. Taldira initially appeared in the Michael Stackpole book The Krytos Trap. He had served as a member of the small military force that Ryloth possessed. Later, he and 11 other warriors joined Wedge Antilles and the other Rogues in the war against the Bacta War and Isanne Isard. When the Rogues were invited back into the New Republic Armed Forces, Nawara Ven was unable to continue as a pilot due to injuries he sustained. As a result, Taldira was invited to join Rogue Squadron. Its not been revealed what Taldiras ultimate fate was.
Bib Fortuna
Bib Fortuna was a Twilek that had appeared in both the Phantom Menace and the Return of the Jedi. He had served as a majordomo to Jabba the Hutt for many years. Bib Fortuna was a member of the Una clan. At some point in the past, Bib Fortuna was found guilty of crimes and was cast out of Twilek society. It was noted that he preyed on other members of his society. He had captured and trained several dancers for Jabba the Hutt. After he was cast out Twileks then began breaking his name into two distinct parts Bib Fortuna when referring to him as a way of symbolizing that he was cast out. Bib Fortuna accompanied Jabba the Hutt when he had taken Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, and Chewbacca to the pit of the Sarlacc to be executed. Fortuna managed to escape before Jabbas sail barge exploded, but when he returned to the palace to take over, the mysterious Bomarr Monks who inhabited the cellars removed his brain from his body and placed it in a spider-like walker, much as the monks themselves used. Undeterred, Fortuna managed to keep several of his plots going, eventually managing to get his brain placed in the body of another Twilek, Firith Olan. Now with Olans resources at his disposal, Fortuna has begun to rebuild Jabbas criminal empire.
Other Twileks
See also Minor characters in Star Wars Oola, Aayla Secura, Mission Vao, Orn Free Taa.
Daniel
See also: Book of Daniel Daniel (, Standard Hebrew Daniyyel, Tiberian Hebrew Dniyy�l) is the name of two people from the Bible. The name means My judge is Elohim, or God has judged. Davids second son, born unto him in Hebron, of Abigail the Carmelitess (1 Chr. 3:1). He is called also Chileab (2 Sam. 3:3). Alledgedly, one of the four great prophets, although he is not once spoken of in the Old Testament as a prophet. The rest of this article deals only with the latter. It should be noted that it is often doubted by modern historians whether he is a historical figure at all, see Book of Daniel for details. The rest of this article is written as if he was a historical figure. His life and prophecies are recorded in the Book of Daniel. He was descended from one of the noble families of kingdom of Judah (Dan. 1:3), and was probably born in Jerusalem about B.C. 623, during the reign of Josiah. At the first deportation of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar (the kingdom of Israel had come to an end nearly a century before), or immediately after his victory over the Egyptians at the second battle of Carchemish, in the fourth year of the reign of Jehoiakim (B.C. 606), Daniel and other three noble youths were carried off to Babylon, along with part of the vessels of the temple. There he was obliged to enter into the service of the king of Babylon, and in accordance with the custom of the age received the Chaldean name of Belteshazzar, i.e., prince of Bel, or Bel protect the king His residence in Babylon was very probably in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, now identified with a mass of shapeless mounds called the Kasr, on the right bank of the river. His training in the schools of the wise men in Babylon (Dan. 1:4) was to fit him for service to the empire. He was distinguished during this period for his piety and his strict observance of the Mosaic law (1:8-16), and gained the confidence and esteem of those who were over him. At the close of his three years of discipline and training in the royal schools, Daniel was distinguished for his proficiency in the wisdom of his day, and was brought out into public life. He soon became known for his skill in the interpretation of dreams (1:17, 2:14), and rose to the rank of governor of the province of Babylon, and became chief of the governors (Chald. Rab-signin) over all the wise men of Babylon. He made known and also interpreted Nebuchadnezzars dream, and many years afterwards, when he was now an old man, amid the alarm and consternation of the terrible night of Belshazzars impious feast, he was called in at the instance of the queen-mother (perhaps Nitocris, the daughter of Nebuchadnezzar) to interpret the mysterious handwriting on the wall. He was rewarded with a purple robe and elevation to the rank of third ruler. The place of second ruler was held by Belshazzar as associated with his father, Nabonidus, on the throne (5:16). Daniel interpreted the handwriting, and in that night was Belshazzar the king of the Chaldeans slain. After the taking of Babylon, Cyrus the Great, who was now master of all Asia from India to the Dardanelles, placed Darius I, a Median prince, on the throne, during the two years of whose reign Daniel held the office of first of the three presidents of the empire, and was thus practically at the head of affairs,no doubt interesting himself in the prospects of the captive Jews (Dan. 9), whom he had at last the happiness of seeing restored to their own land, although he did not return with them, but remained still in Babylon. His fidelity to God exposed him to persecution, and he was cast into a den of lions, but was miraculously delivered, after which Darius issued a decree enjoining reverence for the God of Daniel (6:26). He prospered in the reign of Darius, and in the reign of Cyrus the Persian, whom he probably greatly influenced in the matter of the decree which put an end to the Captivity (B.C. 536). The time and circumstances of his death are not recorded. He possibly died at Susa, about eighty-five years of age. Ezekiel, with whom he was contemporary, mentions him as a pattern of righteousness (14:14, 20) and wisdom (28:3). Those scholars that consider the Daniel of the Book of Daniel as unhistorical, usually contend that Ezekiel meant another figure that is now forgotten, and that the author of the Book of Daniel took up this clue from Ezekiel to name his alledged prophet, to bind him to the older books of the bible.
Reference
Initial text from Eastons Bible Dictionary, 1897. Please update as needed Variations: Daniell (male), Danielle (female)
Eurocurrency
Eurocurrency is the term used to describe deposits residing in banks that are located outside the borders of the country that issues the currency the deposit is denominated in. For example a deposit denominated in US dollars residing in a Japanese bank is a Eurocurrency deposit, or more specifically a Eurodollar deposit. As the example identifies, it is important to note that despite its name Eurocurrencies are not limited to Europe and as such it must not be confused with the Euro. The use of this idiosyncratic term arose from the fact that Eurocurrency markets first developed in Europe during the 1950s when the Soviet Union asked London banks to hold US dollar denominated deposits in the fear that deposits in US banks run the risk of being frozen or seized for political reasons. Today the Eurocurrency markets are active for the reason that they avoid domestic interest rate regulations, reserve requirements and other barriers to the free flow of capital (Butler, 2004, pp. 62-63).
References
Butler, Kirt (2004) Multinational Finance (3rd ed). South Western, Tompson.
Anti-Masonry
merge Freemasonry
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The arguments against freemasonry thus far reviewed:
Religious Tolerance
Opinions about Freemasonry around the world may differ from place to place, but Freemasons always stress non dogmatism and tolerance (albeit often within certain defined limits). This openness has led to friction between Freemasonry and organizations which hold a negative view on ecumenism, or are themselves intolerant towards other forms of belief and worship. Masons have been opposed throughout history by various biased religious groups, such as some Protestants and certain Muslims. The most vigorous opposition to the fraternity, however, has come from the Catholic Church. The first papal condemnation of Freemasonry came in 1738 from Pope Clement XII in his papal bull Eminenti Apostolatus Specula, repeated by several later popes, notably Pope Leo XIII in the encyclical Humanum Genus (1884). The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declares that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, the revised Code issued in 1983 does not explicitly name Masonic orders among the secret societies condemned in canon 1374. However, in a letter to the United States Bishops from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the interpretation was made clear � the prohibition against Catholics joining Masonic orders remains. Many Catholic Masons in the US choose to rely on the letter of the law. Masons on the other hand do not exclude any view of a religious hierarchy so long as it is headed by a supreme being. One reason the Free Methodist Church was founded in the 1860s was that its founders believed the Methodist Church was being influenced by Freemasons and members of secret societies. The Free Methodist Church continues to prohibit its members from also joining societies such as the Freemasons. Recently the Southern Baptist Convention, the largest association of Baptists in the United States, also stated that participation in Freemasonry is inconsistent with its beliefs. This form of criticism has been markedly reduced since modern nation states like the USA and Europe in general are founded on religious tolerance, and many adherents of the religions that formally opposed Masons now believe in the main Masonic principles. Political conspiracy theories involving the Masons Nowadays, the main theme of anti-Masonic criticism involves the idea that Masons involve their organization in covert political activities. This assumption has been influenced by the assertion of Masons that many political figures in the past 300 years have been Masons. Opinions vary between opposing theories concerning this paradox. Some say the Masons constantly plot to increase their power and wealth, others say the Masonic Brotherhood is engaged in a plot to produce a new world order of a type different (usually more sinister) than the existing world order. These theories would be possible to describe almost any secret society (since a society with secret meetings allows secret coordination, the very essence of a conspiracy). Nevertheless, Masons have been the largest target because of their size and notable membership. The historical complaints that the Masons have secretly plotted to create society based on their ideals of liberty, social equality, fraternity, and religious tolerance, are not denied by Masons. In an enlightened age many have now accepted the core Masonic values as stated, and persistent enemies of the society have been forced to come up with more sinister motives as to what Freemasons allegedly conspire to achieve.
Criticisms of Masonic Cronyism
Another criticism that may or not have to do with the specific nature of Freemasonry, but may be applied generally to any type of organization or secret society, is the practice of cronyism, or giving favors to fellow members. Anecdotely many have the impression that one increases chances for employment by joining the Masons. This type of cronyism can be seen in the movie Gypsie, where possibly not talking about the Freemasons, but referencing fraternities like the Moose Lodge, the general idea is alluded to. Unscrupulous Masons have been known to claim they can get out of driving tickets because of Masonic logos on their car. Again, this criticism can be easily applied to almost any fraternity, but the Masons are a big target because they are not simply based in colleges, because they are the largest fraternity, and because they are worldwide. Criticisms based on the moral faults of known Masons Although an institution with religious overtones can be criticized for the moral faults of some of its members, Freemasonry is liable to criticism especially because amongst it aims is the drive to improve its members morality, above and beyond whatever religion the individual member might profess his preference for. A general fault ascribed to the Masons is that he will be charitable mainly to other Masons, an assumption which is made worse by the class and racial inequalities sometimes leveled against in Masonic lodges. The phrase charity begins at home goes some way to justify this natural proclivity. Critics attack what they perceive as a preoccupation ritual minutiae and personal status (ie. degree, a concept critics call similar to the thrill of an Role-playing game level) within the hierarchy of the organization. Some critics argue that the Freemasons are primarily a social club. All of these arguments however can be said to have the logical fallicy commonly applied to Christians (and indeed, practically all religions) - that if certain members of a group are bad the group in and of itself must be bad.
Criticism that Freemasonry is a new religion
In a sectarian age many hold that Freemasonry is a new religion. Externally it has many similarities to what many people consider to be a religion, it has its own version of the Bible, it has its own way of saying amen (So mote it be, the literal translation of amen), it has far more developed rituals then most Protestant denominations, some groups of Masons (especially the Scottish rite) call their lodges temples, and it has a large amount of iconography and symbolism. From the perspective of most religions, who feel that they have the perfect system of morality, any competing system of morality can be considered opposed to them � and if not stricly another religion, then certainly an opponent. Such ritual observances as practiced by Masons in private meetings should be seen in the same context as rituals maintained in the military services, in government and civil authorities. It has been argued that any organized system of morality (which the Masons claim to be) is a religion, the Green Party might thus qualify as such.
Criticism that Freemasonry worships Satan
While the practice of any given magical or mystical system is not particularly associated with Freemasonry (mainstream Masonry has always tended more to rationalism than to mysticism), there are some groups of Masons, such as Masonic Rosicrucians, that may interpret Masonic ritual magically (or hermetically), which is their right as Masons, given the fraternitys non-dogmatic stance. The very existence of hermetic interpretations within Masonry has lead some reactionary Christians to label Freemasonry as Satanic. This charge is commonly made about any hermetic society with practices beyond the understanding of uninformed critics (although paradoxically this can not be fully rectified due to the secret nature of such societies). Many Anti-Masonic activists quote Albert Pikes Morals and Dogma to prove that Masons worship Lucifer. This is known as the Taxil hoax: the Pike book itself can be found easily, and does not contain the quote.
Criticism of masonic blood oaths
The traditional Masonic obligations, said to be undertaken by a candidate during the initiation ritual, are sometimes called blood oaths, particularly by those critical of the fraternity. The candidate wishes severe physical punishment upon himself should he ever reveal the secrets of Freemasonry to a non-Mason. While many non-Masons are horrified by this, Masons defend the traditional obligations as no more literal than the commonplace childhood blood oaths, like cross my heart and hope to die � a very psychologically powerful way to express a serious bond or promise. In addition, some Masons argue that the bloody punishments mentioned in the obligations are, historically, references to the punishments that the state used to inflict on defenders of civil liberties and religious freedoms, such as Freemasons. But in spite of repeated attempts to defend them, by the early 1980s, the blood oaths had become quite problematic from a public relations standpoint, and most Masonic jurisdictions replaced them with more politically correct bloodless oaths. Certain conspiracy theorists look at certain historical killings and deduce that they were done as a fulfillment of the blood oath. In particular, Jack the Ripper is theorized by some to have been a Mason made psychotic for having to carry out a blood oath, and who then killed random people in the same fashion. It should be noted that there are only 3 penalties that Masonry can impose on a member � censure, suspension of membership and expulsion. Criticisms of the process of becoming a Freemason It is commonly held that individuals become Freemasons through invitation, patrimony, or other non-democratic means, officially an individual must ask freely and without persuasion to become a Freemason in order to join the fraternity. This arrangement is said to conflict with the Freemasons mission to make good men better, on the basis that a hidden society can not promote itself publicly. If the society is secret, it is argued, how is a good man supposed to be attracted to it? In practice, Freemasons have been known to not question the motives of anyone seeking to enter, but clearly members are going to prefer invitation to those individuals who can offer something of value to the group, and will thus indicate to potential members some clue, it is then incumbent upon the seeker to make the request. The view that, in order to join the Society, one must... be the son of a... Freemason, is logical, such a method goes some way to explain how often membership is extended to newcomers. This method shadows the traditions of peerage. Many of these myths have taken hold in the imagination of conspiracy buffs partly because Freemasons, like government intelligence agencies and big business, understanding the value of misinformation, let the uninitiated argue amongst themselves, so that the truth remains private. Masons have only attempted in recent years to make their organization seem more open to public view, but remain non-committal beyond their own objectives of diverting government scrutiny and validating good public relations. (see 1 (http://www.masonicinfo.com/ masonic info.com)).
In defense of liberty
It has been said that the Freemason builds his life around the moral principals that lie at the heart of the Craft, and becomes in his every word and deed the epitome of brotherly love, relief and truth ~ he will thus respect the rights of others to hold beliefs and attitudes that differ radically from his own, for he knows that tolerance is an essential part of brotherly love. (Freemasonry, A Celebration of the Craft~ 1993. Edited by Hamill & Gilbert for Terry Allan). The need for vigilance in the defense of human liberty is as great in society as it is said to be within the craft, yet by means of an increased compatibility with the common aims of human achievement the Freemasons have indisputably laid the foundations for very many of the cultural norms prevalent in the western World. The duty of Masons to give to the cause of Charity was stressed by Preston-William, in his Illustrations of Masonry of 1772, when he wrote: To relive the distressed is a duty incumbent on all men, but particularly on Freemasons, who are linked together by an indissoluble chain of sincere affection. To soothe the unhappy, to sympathize with their misfortunes, to compassionate their miseries and to restore their troubled minds, is the great aim we have in view. A Masons duty is also in his loyalty, as a peaceful subject, to the civil authority found wherever he resides or works, and it is on these grounds, restrained from pursuing any means of disrupting the established rule of law, that Freemasonry is itself a reformist institution, its members abstaining from any thought of association with rebellion, the cause of the common man, when oppressed. Masonic Ritual is reported as an aspect of the craft that reinforces its Spiritual dimension and is Biblical in origin, (but is claimed to derive from sources of a pre Christian age, whence evolved Cabalistic thought). A legend considered of great import to the Masonic Rite is that of the story of the building and reconstruction of King Solomons Temple � as an allegory of the creation of a new, just and more tolerant society.
Henri-Gouraud-(soldier)
Henri Gouraud (1867�1946) was a France soldier, best known for his leadership of the French Fourth Army at the end of the World War I. An infantryman, he graduated from St. Cyr in 1890. Like many of his generation, his principal experience before the war was abroad in colonial service. As commander of the French forces committed in the Dardanelles Campaign of 1915 he lost his right arm. From July of 1917 until the end of the war he commanded the Fourth Army on the Western Front, where he gained distinction for his use of elastic defense during the Second Battle of the Marne. After the war Gouraud served from 1919 to 1923 as representative of the French Government in the middle east where he presided over the creation of the state of Lebanon on september 1st 1920. From 1923 to 1937, he was Military Governor of Paris and served on the Supreme Allied War Council from 1927 until 1937, when he retired. General Gouraud died in 1946. bio-stub
Victor-Talking-Machine-Company
The Victor Talking Machine Company (1901 - 1929) was a United States corporation, the leading American producer of phonograph and gramophone record and one of the leading phonograph companies in the world at the time.
The company was incorporated in Camden, New Jersey in October of 1901 by Eldridge R. Johnson. It was created by merger and reorganization of two existing companies: Emile Berliners Berliner Gramophone Company, which produced disc records, and Johnsons Consolidated Talking Machine Company, which produced machines for playing disc records. The company was named The Victor in honor of legal victories by Johnson and Berliner over Zonophone Records and others concerning their rights to patents on and distribution of their products. Victor had the rights in the United States and Latin America to use the famous trademark of the dog Nipper listening to an early disc phonograph. (See also His Masters Voice.) In 1901, the phonograph cylinder still dominated the market for recorded sound. Disc records and phonographs were widely considered to be little more than toys, for they were cheaper, less reliable and usually of lower audio fidelity than the cylinder records. Johnson embarked on efforts to change these perceptions. He built more reliable spring-wound phonographs out of durable materials and hired engineers to research improved sound for the recordings. Within a few years, Victor was producing records with some of the finest audio fidelity of the era. After increasing the quality of disc records and phonographs, Johnson began an ambitious project to have the most prestigious singers and musicians of the day record for Victor Records, with exclusive agreements where possible. Often these artists demanded fees which the company could not hope to make up from sale of their records. Johnson shrewdly knew that he would get his moneys worth in the long run in promotion of the Victor brand name. Many advertisements were printed mentioning by name the greatest names of music in the era, with the statement that they recorded only for Victor Records. As Johnson intended, much of the public assumed from this that Victor Records must be superior to cylinder records. The Victor recordings by Enrico Caruso were particularly successful. They were often used by retailers to demonstrate Victor phonographs, Carusos rich powerful low tenor voice highlighted the best range of audio fidelity of the early audio technology while being minimally affected by its defects. Even people who otherwise never listened to opera often owned a record or two of the great voice of Caruso. Caruso and Victor Records did much to boost each others commercial popularity. The origins of country music as we know it today can be traced to two seminal influences and a remarkable coincidence. Jimmie Rodgers (country singer) and the Carter Family are considered the founders of country music and their songs were first captured at an historic recording session in Bristol, Tennessee on August 1 1927 where Ralph Peer was the talent scout and sound recordist for Victor Records.
1917 Victor Record label
by the Original Dixieland Jass Band
Victor (Japan)
The Japanese Victor Company (JVC), founded in 1922, severed its ties to RCA Victor at the start of World War II, and is still one of the oldest and most succesfull Japanese record labels as well as an electronics giant.
The Victrola
Victrola Model XVI, 1910s
In 1906, Johnson and his engineers designed a new line of phonographs with the turntable and amplifying horn tucked away inside a wooden cabinet. This was not done for reasons of audio fidelity, but for visual aesthetics. The intention was to produce a phonograph that looked less like a piece of machinery and more like a piece of furniture. These internal horn machines, trademarked with the name Victrola, were first marketed to the public in August of that year and were an immediate hit. Soon an extensive line of Victrolas was marketed, ranging from small tabletop models selling for $15, through many sizes and designs of cabinets intended to go with the decor of middle-class homes in the $100 to $250 range, up to $600 Chippendale and Queen Anne-style cabinets of fine wood with gold trim designed to look at home in elegant mansions. Victrolas became by far the most popular brand of home phonograph, and sold in great numbers until the end of the 1920s. In 1925, Victor switched from the old acoustical or mechanical method of recording sound to the new microphone based electrical system developed by Western Electric. Victor called their version of the improved fidelity recording process Orthophonic, and sold a line of new designs of phonographs to play these improved records, called Orthophonic Victrolas. The large top-of- the-line Credenza models of Orthophonic Victrolas had a 6 foot long horn coiled inside the cabinet, and are often considered the high point of the development of the commercial wind-up phonograph, offering audio fidelity seldom matched by most home electric phonographs until some 30 years later. In 1928, Johnson sold his controlling interest in Victor to the banking firm of Siegelman & Spyer, who in 1929 sold to the Radio Corporation of America, which then became known as the Radio-Victor Division of the Radio Corporation of America later RCA Victor. (See RCA for later history of the Victor brand name.)
Aircraft-Maintenance-Technician
Introduction
No reference to aviation would be complete without mentioning the dedicated men and women who maintain the nation�s fleet of general, commercial, and military aircraft. These individuals are licensed by the Federal-Aviation-Administration and adhere to the strictest of guidelines and Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) to keep aircraft flying in an airworthy manner. The pioneers of flight, the Wright Brothers, were accompanied by Charlie-Taylor, who is often referred to as the first aircraft mechanic. He is the person who is attributed as creating the first aircraft engine. The Canada equivalent of an AMT is an Aircraft Maintenance Engineer.
Licensing
Most people who choose to become an Aircraft Maintenance Technician, (or formally called an A&P Mechanic) attend an FAA certified school under Part 147 of the FAR�s. These regulations specify each class and topic the AMT must become proficient in, out how many hours each class must contain. It usually takes 16 months to two years to complete a formal academic AMT program. Most schools teach the aspiring AMT�s all systems of the aircraft, such as:
Airframe sheet metal structures
Composite structures
Deicing systems
Dope-and-fabric
Electrical systems
Flight controls
Hydraulics
Ignition systems
Landing gear
Reciprocating Engines
Turbine engines
Welding After an AMT student completes the required academic and hands-on course work, he is then required by the FAA to pass a written General test, an Airframe written test, and a Powerplant written in order to then go on to the next phase of testing. After all written tests are satisfactorily completed the candidate is now able to take an Oral & Practical exam given by a Designated Mechanic Examiner (DME) test to achieve the coveted A&P license from the FAA. This license is the AMT�s �ticket� to work on aircraft systems legally.
Inspection Authorization
Some AMTs, after several years of working in their field, choose to become certified IA�s, (or Inspection Authorizers.) This designation carries much responsibility in the aviation maintenance field. These individuals are allowed to conduct Annual Inspections on aircraft, and sign-off on their airworthiness.
Marwan-II
Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II (688 - 750) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 744 until 750 when he was killed. He was the last Umayyad ruler to rule from Damascus. Marwan took the caliphate after his cousin Ibrahim of Ummayyad abdicated and went into hiding. Before becoming caliph, Marwan had served as governor of Azerbaijan. In this capacity he fought a costly war against the Khazar Khaganate, winning a Phyrric victory but being unable to secure his conquests. Upon taking the caliphate, Marwan inherited an empire that was falling apart. Anti-Umayyad feeling had become very prevalent, espcially in Iran and Iraq, and the Abbasids had gained a lot of followers. As such, Marwans reign as caliph was almost entirely devoted to trying to keep the Umayyad empire together. Marwan would not be able to do so. Despite some early victories, he would be decisively defeated by Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah on the banks of the Zab River. At this battle alone, over 300 members of the Umayyad family died. Following this defeat, Marwan frantically searched for refuge. Hoping to find it in the west, he traveled to Egypt but was caught while crossing the Nile and he was killed. His death signalled the end of the Umayyads in the East, and almost signalled the end of the Umayyads. The aftermath of his death brought about mass-killing of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Almost all Umayyads were killed, except for a talented prince Abd ar-Rahman who would sneak into Spain and reestablish the Umayyad dynasty there.
Preceded by:
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid Umayyad Succeeded by:
Abd ar-Rahman I
Caliph as-Saffah
Jules-Armand-Dufaure
Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (December 4, 1798 - June 28, 1881) was a France statesman. He was born at Saujon (Charente-Inf�rieure), and began his career as an advocate at Bordeaux, where he won a great reputation by his oratorical gifts. He abandoned law for politics, and in 1834 was elected deputy. In 1839 he became minister of public works in the Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult ministry, and succeeded in freeing railway construction in France from the obstacles which till then had hampered it. Losing office in 1840, Dufaure became one of the leaders of the Opposition, and on the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 he accepted the Republic, and joined the party of moderate republicans. On October 13 he became minister of the interior under Louis-Eug�ne Cavaignac, but retired on the latters defeat in the presidential election. During the Second French Empire, Dufaure abstained from public life, and practised at the Paris, France bar with such success that he was elected botonnier in 1862. In 1863 he succeeded to �tienne Pasquiers seat in the French Academy. In 1871 he became a member of the Assembly, and proposed Adolphe Thiers as President of the Republic. Dufaure became the minister of justice as chief of the party of the left-centre, and his tenure of office was distinguished by the passage of the jury-law. In 1873 he fell with Thiers, but in 1875 resumed his former post under Louis Buffet, whom he succeeded on March 9 1876 as president of the council. In the same year he was elected a life senator. On December 12 he withdrew from the ministry owing to the attacks of the republicans of the left in the chamber and of the conservatives in the senate. After the conservatives defeat on May 16, he returned to power on December 24 1877. Early in 1879 Dufaure took part in compelling the resignation of Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, but immediately afterwards (February 1), worn out by opposition, he retired. See G Picot, M. Dufaure, sa vie et ses discours (Paris, 1883). This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Dufaures First Government, 19 February 1871 - 18 May 1873
Jules Dufaure - President of the Council and List of Justice Ministers of France
Jules Favre - List of Foreign Ministers of France
Adolphe Charles Le Fl� - List of Defense Ministers of France
Ernest Picard - List of Interior Ministers of France
Louis Buffet - List of Finance Ministers of France
Louis Marie Alexis Pothuau - List of Naval Ministers of France
Jules Simon - List of Education Ministers of France
Charles de Larcy - Minister of Public Works
F�lix Lambrecht - Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Changes
25 February 1871 - Augustin Pouyter-Quertier succeeds Buffet as Minister of Finance.
5 June 1871 - Ernest Courtot de Cissey succeeds Le Fl� as Minister of War. F�lix Lambrecht succeeds Picard as Minister of the Interior. Victor Lefranc succeeds Lambrecht as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce.
2 August 1871 - The Charles, comte de R�musat, succeeds Favre as Minister of Foreign Affairs
11 October 1871 - Auguste Casimir-Perier succeeds Lambrecht as Minister of the Interior
6 February 1872 - Victor Lefranc succeeds Casimir-Perier as Minister of the Interior. Eug�ne de Goulard succeeds Lefranc as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce.
23 April 1872 - Eug�ne de Goulard succeeds Pouyer-Quertier as Minister of Finance. Pierre Teisserenc de Bort succeeds Goulard as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce.
7 December 1872 - Eug�ne de Goulard succeeds Lefranc as Minister of the Interior. L�on Say succeeds Goulard as Minister of Finance. Oscar Bardi de Fourtou succeeds Larcy as Minister of Public Works. Dufaures Second Government, 18 May - 25 May 1873
Jules Dufaure - President of the Council and Minister of Justice
Charles, comte de R�musat - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Ernest Courtot de Cissey - Minister of War
Auguste Casimir-Perier - Minister of the Interior
L�on Say - Minister of Finance
Louis Marie Alexis Pothuau - Minister of Marine and Colonies
William Henry Waddington - Minister of Public Instruction
Oscar Bardi de Fourtou - Minister of Worship
Ren� B�renger - Minister of Public Works
Pierre Teisserenc de Bort - Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Dufaures Third Government, 23 February - 9 March 1876
Jules Dufaure - President of the Council and Minister of the Interior and of Justice
Louis Decazes - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Ernest Courtot de Cissey - Minister of War
Eug�ne Caillaux - Minister of Finance and Public Works
Louis Raymond de Montaignac de Chauvannce - Minister of Marine and Colonies
Henri Wallon - Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship
Marie Camille Alfred, vicomte de Meaux - Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Dufaures Fourth Government, 9 March - 12 December 1876
Jules Dufaure - President of the Council and Minister of Justice
Louis Decazes - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Ernest Courtot de Cissey - Minister of War
Amable Ricard - Minister of the Interior
L�on Say - Minister of Finance
Martin Fourichon - Minister of Marine
William Henry Waddington - Minister of Public Instruction
Albert Christophle - Minister of Public Works
Pierre Teisserenc de Bort - Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Changes
11 May 1876 - �mile de Marc�re succeeds Ricard as Minister of the Interior.
15 August 1876 - Jean Auguste Berthaud succeeds Courtot de Cissey as Minister of War. Dufaures Fifth Government, 13 December 1877 - 4 February 1879
Jules Dufaure - President of the Council and Minister of Justice
William Henry Waddington - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Jean-Louis Borel - Minister of War
�mile de Marc�re - Minister of the Interior
L�on Say - Minister of Finance
Louis Marie Alexis Pothuau - Minister of Marine and Colonies
Ag�nor Bardoux - Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship
Charles de Freycinet - Minister of Public Works
Pierre Teisserenc de Bort - Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Changes
16 May 1878 - Henri Fran�ois Xavier Gresley succeeds Borel as Minister of War.
Preceded by:
Jules Trochu Prime Minister of France
1871-1873 Followed by:
Albert, duc de Broglie
Preceded by:
Louis Buffet Prime Minister of France
1876 Followed by:
Jules Simon
Preceded by:
Caietan de Grimaudet de Rochebouet Prime Minister of France
1877-1879 Followed by:
William Waddington
Federation-of-Malaya
The Federation of Malaya, or in Malay language Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, was formed in 1948 from the British settlements of Penang and Malacca and the nine Malay states and replaced the Malayan Union. Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang and Malacca remained British crown colony. Prior to the formation of the federation, the collection of Malay states in the Peninsula were known collectively as Malaya. The Federation achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on August 31, 1957. In 1963, the federation was enlarged to form Malaysia through the admittance of Singapore, Sarawak and British North Borneo, which was renamed Sabah. Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent republic on August 9, 1965.
Cervical-fracture
The cervical vertebra support the head of a human and connect it to the shoulders and body. A cervical fracture, or break, in one of the cervical vertebrae is commonly called a broken neck. The most common cause of these fractures are traffic accidents or diving into shallow water. If there is a displacement of the vertebral bodies (dislocation) this can lead to permanent or transient compression of the spinal cord with symptoms of spinal cord transsection. A complete transsection with para- or quadriplegia is uaually a permanent condition with virtually no chance of recovery. If there is instability of the neck usually an operative procedure will be undertaken to stabilize it in order to facilitate rehabilitation. med-stub
